The Coventry University Guide to Referencing in Harvard Style

HOW TO REFERENCE VIDEOS AND OTHER AUDIOVISUAL SOURCES

 

1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined)

 

In-text citation

 

Give the director’s or the producer’s surname as the author, or the corporate author if no other information is available, then the date in brackets.

 

Example

 

Dance is an effective form of therapy (Allen 1954).

 

Reference

 

Give the surname and initials of the artist, director or the producer’s name, the date of release in brackets, then the title of the image, film or recording in italics followed by a full stop. Give the format in square brackets, eg. [DVD] or [CD] or [online].

If it is an online source, add ‘available from’ and the full web address starting with <and ending with >, then give the date of access in square brackets.

 

Example

 

Allen, L. (1954) Suddenly [online] available from <http://www.archive.org/details/suddenly> [12 August 2009]

 

If it is a DVD or a CD, after the format, give the place of release followed by a colon (if there are many places just give the first), then the production company.

 

Example

 

Radford, M. (2005) The Merchant of Venice. [DVD] United Kingdom: MGM Home Ent. (Europe) Ltd.

 

2. A broadcast or a podcast

 

In-text citation

 

Give the title of the broadcast in italics and the date in brackets.

 

Example

 

Contemporary politicians are more image-conscious than ever (Have I Got News for You 2005).

 

Reference

 

If you listen to the radio or watch TV live, give the title of the broadcast, the year, the broadcasting station or channel. Give the exact date, followed by a comma and the time of the broadcast, in square brackets.

 

Example

 

Have I Got News for You (2005) BBC1 [3 April 2005, 21:10]

 

If you access a radio or TV broadcast online using the Listen Again facility or you wish to reference a podcast, reference the broadcast in the normal way but then add all the information to enable your reader locate this source online. Give the title of the broadcast in italics then the year in brackets. Write ‘online’ in square brackets then give the station or channel. Give the date, month, year, followed by a comma and the time of the broadcast. Give the full web address starting with < and finishing with > then the date of access.

 

Example

 

The Archers (2006) [online] Radio4. 22 June 2006, 19:00. available from <http://www.bbc. co.uk/ radio4/ archers/index.shtml> [2 October 2006]

 

3. A programme video or audio recording (e.g.radio, TV)

 

In-text citation

 

Give the title of the programme in italics and the date in brackets.

 

Example

 

Farmers are required to diversify in order to survive (Pedigree Cattle 2003).

 

Reference

 

Give the title of the programme or of the programme series and the date in brackets, the release year in brackets, the recording format in square brackets, then the name of the broadcasting station or television and the exact day and time of the broadcast if available

 

Example

Pedigree Cattle (2003) [VHS video] BBC1

 

 

4. Computer games/software

 

In-text citation

 

Give the name of the author or corporate author and the year in brackets.

 

Example

 

Encarta Premium 2009 was launched this year very successfully (Microsoft Office 2009).

 

Reference

 

Give the surname and initials of the author or the corporate author who produced the software, then the title of the software package in italics followed by ‘on line’ in square brackets. Add  ’available from’ and give the full web address starting with < and ending with >, then give the date of access in square brackets.

 

Example

 

Microsoft Office Corporation (2009) Encarta Premium 2009 [online] available from

<http://www.microsoft.com/learningspace/encarta_eol.aspx> [12 August 2009]

 

N.B. If the software is available in CD format, follow the guidelines under point 1 above for 'a video film or a sound recording accessed electronically’. The same guidelines apply for computer games.